B21HS01AN - HISTORY OF BRITAIN I B4U2 (Q&A)

BLOCK - 4

TRANSITION TO MODERN ERA

UNIT - 2

GROWTH OF NEW MIDDLE CLASSES

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Which city became the perceived centre of Western civilization by the middle

of the nineteenth century?

Ans. London

2. Name the machine that greatly contributed to the revolution in the textile in-

dustry.

Ans. Flying shuttle

3. Who invented the Miner's Friend which was used to drain mines in

1698?

Ans. Thomas sarvery

4. Who invented the steam engine?

Ans. James watt

5. What is the transformation of industry and the economy in Britain, between

the 1780s and the 1850s, called?

Ans. First industrial revolution

6. Whose interests were promoted and protected by the Laissez Faire theory?

Ans. capitalists

7. Who is known as the 'prophet of free trade in England?

Ans. Adam Smith

8. Who developed Smelting iron, a new method of producing iron?

Ans. Abraham darby

9.What caused the migration of people to cities in the Tudor society during the

16th and 17th centuries?

Ans. Industrial revolution

10. What was the new middle class that was created as a result of the Industrial

Revolution called?

Ans.Bourgeosise

11. To whom did the British parliament extend the right to vote during the indus-

trial revolution?

Ans the new middle class

1. explain the emergence of new middle class in England

Ans.A "new middle class" emerged in England in the vast chasm between the idle landed

rich and the toiling class. But the question of the true nature and origin of this middle

class in terms of social mobility is often murky. Much of the work of social historians

operate on the implicit assumption, furthered by contemporary outside observers that the

middle class served as a stepping-stone from the lower classes into respectability (Jordan

Boyd-Graber, 2006). It can be described that the English middle class could accurately be

a conduit for upward mobility from the lower classes.

One of the assumptions about the formation of a new middle class says that it is the

result of the industrial revolution. Followed by industrial advancements, the growth in

technology and organisation reshaped the existing social structure. A recognizable

peasantry continued to exist in Western Europe, but it increasingly had to adapt

to new methods. Many peasants began to achieve new levels of education and to adopt

innovations such as new crops, better seeds, and fertilisers. They also began to innovate

politically, learning to press governments to protect their agricultural interests.Britain's Industrial Revolution brought her social class into a different stage and

caused the emergence of new classes, such Revolution, people's standard of living and

as the middle class. Before the Industrial working conditions were very simple. Once

the revolution started, people changed their workplaces from farms to factories and moved

to urban cities in search of new jobs. Machines made goods replaced ones that had been

done by hand. The social classes in Britain also altered, which developed three distinct

classes, including the upper class, middle class and working class. The emergence of these

three classes followed the growth of industry, which brought more people to an upper stage,

as people's desires rose. The flourishing of industries brought more wealth to the already

rich people who started them and enabled many of them to move from the middle class

to the upper middle class. In course of time, as their wealth multiplied, they assumed control

of the economy and became more powerful than the former upper class. The improvement

of education helped people from the lower class also to get new jobs, improve their

financial and social standing and move to the middle class.

2. What are the important discoveries during industrial revolution

Ans.►Steam engine (developed by James Watt in the 1760s) further transformed the cotton industry and later steam trains.

►Smelting iron- A new method of producing iron, developed by Abraham Darby (1678-1717).

This new method used coke rather than charcoal and enabled higher production. Iron was used for buildings and railways.

►Steam train - Richard Trevithick invented the first working steam train in 1806. George Stephenson's Rocket 1829, was important for convincing people of the potential of steam trains.

► Machine tools - Prior to the industrial revolution, metal was fashioned by hand, which was very labour-intensive. Machine tools, such as cylinder boring tools and the milling machine, enabled the mass production of things like cylinders for steam trains.

▸ Chemicals, such as sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate were important in many industrial processes, such as bleaching cloth, and other products, such as soap, and paper.

► Cement - Portland cement was important in new engineering products, such as the Thames tunnel.

► Tarmacked roads - Thomas Telford and John Macadam developed better roads, with firm foundations, drainage and a smooth surface

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